一、配電干式變壓器(qi)采用熔斷(duan)器(qi)作為保護

熔斷(duan)器(qi)是配電(dian)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)較常(chang)見(jian)的短路(lu)故障保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)設備(bei)。它具有經(jing)濟(ji)、操作(zuo)方便、適(shi)應(ying)性強的特點，廣泛應(ying)用于(yu)配電(dian)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)的一(yi)次(ci)側(ce)(ce)，用于(yu)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)的保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)和投切(qie)操作(zuo)。因此(ci)，當(dang)配電(dian)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)容(rong)量在400kVA以(yi)下時，采用熔斷(duan)器(qi)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)采用跌(die)落(luo)式(shi)熔斷(duan)器(qi)作(zuo)為短路(lu)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，低壓(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)(ce)采用熔斷(duan)器(qi)作(zuo)為過載(zai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。

使用(yong)跌(die)落式(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)確定其容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)時，不(bu)僅要(yao)考慮上開斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)安(an)裝現(xian)場較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)匹配，還要(yao)考慮下開斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與(yu)(yu)安(an)裝現(xian)場較(jiao)(jiao)小短(duan)(duan)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)關系。目前戶外(wai)跌(die)落式(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)(fen)為三(san)種：50A、100A、200A。200A跌(die)落式(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)能(neng)力上限(xian)(xian)為200MVA，下限(xian)(xian)為200 MVA，根(gen)據額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和(he)額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)兩個參(can)數選(xuan)(xuan)取，即(ji)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)必須(xu)與(yu)(yu)被保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)干(gan)式(shi)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)相(xiang)匹配，熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)應(ying)大(da)(da)于或等于熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體的(de)(de)額(e)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。可選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)1.5 ~ 2倍額(e)定負載電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)。此外(wai)，應(ying)根(gen)據被保(bao)護(hu)系統的(de)(de)三(san)相(xiang)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)來驗(yan)證所選(xuan)(xuan)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，以確保(bao)被保(bao)護(hu)設備的(de)(de)三(san)相(xiang)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)小于熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)額(e)定分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)上限(xian)(xian)，但必須(xu)大(da)(da)于額(e)定分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)下限(xian)(xian)。筆者曾參(can)與(yu)(yu)事(shi)故調查，發(fa)現(xian)部分(fen)(fen)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)干(gan)式(shi)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)配置的(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)額(e)定分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(一般稱為上限(xian)(xian))過大(da)(da)，或者線路(lu)末(mo)端接入(ru)的(de)(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)干(gan)式(shi)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)的(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)未通過短(duan)(duan)路(lu)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)校驗(yan)，導致被保(bao)護(hu)干(gan)式(shi)變壓(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)三(san)相(xiang)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)時難以滅(mie)弧，較(jiao)(jiao)終(zhong)導致電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)管燒爆，造成主(zhu)線跳閘(zha)事(shi)故。

二是配電干式(shi)變(bian)壓器(qi)采用(yong)負荷開關和熔斷器(qi)組(zu)合作為保(bao)護

負荷(he)開關(guan)和(he)熔(rong)斷器(qi)(qi)組合(he)可以斷開高(gao)達(da)31.5kA的短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，其基本特(te)點是依靠熔(rong)斷器(qi)(qi)熔(rong)斷觸發(fa)撞(zhuang)針作(zuo)用于負荷(he)開關(guan)。配電(dian)干(gan)式(shi)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)有單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、兩相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)和(he)三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。無(wu)論何種故(gu)障，任一相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)熔(rong)斷后，撞(zhuang)針觸發(fa)負荷(he)開關(guan)釋放，負荷(he)開關(guan)三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)聯動(dong)，及時隔(ge)離故(gu)障點，防止(zhi)缺相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)運行。采用負載開關(guan)和(he)熔(rong)斷器(qi)(qi)組合(he)作(zuo)為配電(dian)干(gan)式(shi)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)的保(bao)護，既(ji)能切(qie)斷負載電(dian)流(liu)(liu)滿足(zu)安(an)全(quan)運行的需要，又能在(zai)10ms內(nei)切(qie)斷短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，切(qie)斷故(gu)障，限制短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)，經濟實用，能有效(xiao)保(bao)護配電(dian)干(gan)式(shi)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)的短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)故(gu)障。

負(fu)荷(he)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)和熔斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)組合廣泛應(ying)用(yong)于1000kVA以下(xia)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)干(gan)式(shi)變壓器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)配置(zhi)中，熔斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流一般為(wei)(wei)(wei)負(fu)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)2 ~ 3倍。根據這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)配置(zhi)方(fang)案，設計人員(yuan)一般不需要進行短路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)具體(ti)設計和整定(ding)計算，可以直接選擇(ze)成套設備(bei)，大(da)多(duo)數設計人員(yuan)都喜歡這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)配置(zhi)方(fang)案。但是，這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)保(bao)護(hu)配置(zhi)方(fang)案也有一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)局限性。比(bi)如短路(lu)(lu)故障電(dian)(dian)(dian)流以熔斷(duan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)代價，動(dong)作電(dian)(dian)(dian)流和動(dong)作時(shi)間(jian)無(wu)法(fa)人為(wei)(wei)(wei)控制。對于輕微相間(jian)短路(lu)(lu)故障，動(dong)作時(shi)間(jian)較(jiao)長。對于大(da)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)或專線(xian)(xian)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)，當干(gan)式(shi)變壓器(qi)(qi)較(jiao)多(duo)或干(gan)式(shi)變壓器(qi)(qi)容量較(jiao)大(da)時(shi)，如果負(fu)荷(he)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)進線(xian)(xian)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)，則不能作為(wei)(wei)(wei)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)短路(lu)(lu)保(bao)護(hu)和出線(xian)(xian)負(fu)荷(he)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)——熔斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)組合的(de)(de)(de)后備(bei)保(bao)護(hu)，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)當用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)母(mu)線(xian)(xian)短路(lu)(lu)或熔斷(duan)器(qi)(qi)保(bao)護(hu)不配合時(shi)，會造成上級出線(xian)(xian)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)動(dong)作，影(ying)響供電(dian)(dian)(dian)可靠(kao)性。在這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)情況下(xia)，應(ying)選擇(ze)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)和繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)裝置(zhi)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)進線(xian)(xian)保(bao)護(hu) #p#分頁標題(ti)#e#

《繼電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)和安(an)全自(zi)動(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)程》 (GB 14285-1993)規(gui)定，當油浸式(shi)(shi)(shi)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)容量等于或大(da)于800kVA時，應(ying)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)氣體繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)作為干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的內部故障保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，并應(ying)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)繼電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)配(pei)合的保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)方案，可有效保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。近年來，干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)得(de)到了(le)廣泛的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)要求，應(ying)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)溫(wen)度(du)跳閘保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。對于干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，還應(ying)選擇繼電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)相結(jie)合的保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)配(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方案。Yyno和Dyno配(pei)電(dian)(dian)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)斷(duan)路器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)控(kong)制高(gao)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)三相和四線，可選擇兩(liang)相或三相過(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，繼電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)為反時限型。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)gbj62-1983《工業與民用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)力裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的繼電(dian)(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)和安(an)全自(zi)動(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)設計規(gui)范》。利用(yong)(yong)(yong)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)過(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)，應(ying)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)下列保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)之一：(1)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)應(ying)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)三相式(shi)(shi)(shi)，以(yi)提高(gao)靈敏度(du)；(2)零序電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)接至低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)中性(xing)點；(3)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)接三相電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)。

目前有(you)(you)些單(dan)位(wei)對Yyno接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)配電(dian)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)零(ling)(ling)線(xian)(xian)(xian)配置(zhi)零(ling)(ling)序電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護不(bu)夠(gou)了解，認(ren)為(wei)在(zai)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)三(san)相(xiang)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護可(ke)以滿足要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。事實上，作(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)發現，雖然(ran)有(you)(you)些配電(dian)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)配電(dian)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)有(you)(you)防止(zhi)單(dan)相(xiang)接(jie)地短(duan)路(lu)的(de)(de)三(san)相(xiang)過(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，但(dan)在(zai)進行繼電(dian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護整定計算時，經(jing)(jing)常發現靈(ling)(ling)敏(min)(min)度(du)(du)要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)不(bu)能(neng)滿足。此(ci)時，需要按規定在(zai)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)或低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)中(zhong)性點安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)另一個(ge)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)。經(jing)(jing)過(guo)大量計算，筆者(zhe)(zhe)發現，Dyno接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)配電(dian)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)發生單(dan)相(xiang)接(jie)地或短(duan)路(lu)故(gu)障時，高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)三(san)相(xiang)過(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護的(de)(de)靈(ling)(ling)敏(min)(min)度(du)(du)能(neng)夠(gou)滿足要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。因此(ci)，在(zai)選擇(ze)配電(dian)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護配置(zhi)時，應考慮干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)形式(shi)(shi)：高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)的(de)(de)三(san)相(xiang)過(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護應作(zuo)為(wei)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)的(de)(de)相(xiang)間短(duan)路(lu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護或接(jie)地短(duan)路(lu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護。如果(guo)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)單(dan)相(xiang)接(jie)地故(gu)障的(de)(de)靈(ling)(ling)敏(min)(min)度(du)(du)不(bu)符合要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)，也應在(zai)低(di)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)中(zhong)性線(xian)(xian)(xian)上安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)零(ling)(ling)序過(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護。對于Dyno接(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)干(gan)(gan)式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護配置(zhi)，只有(you)(you)在(zai)高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)側(ce)安(an)(an)(an)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)三(san)相(xiang)過(guo)流(liu)(liu)(liu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護才(cai)能(neng)滿足靈(ling)(ling)敏(min)(min)度(du)(du)要求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。

四.結論

配電干式變(bian)壓器的保(bao)護配置應根據(ju)實際情況考慮熔(rong)斷器、負荷開關加熔(rong)斷器和(he)斷線

路器加繼電保護裝置等多種方案,根據干式變壓器容量和接線形式合理選擇保護配置方案,優化配置,確保配電干式變壓器安全可靠運行。

來源：互聯網