摘要(yao)：對(dui)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)國(guo)家標(biao)(biao)(biao)準和(he)(he)(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準推薦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)了比較，分析了這(zhe)(zhe)些標(biao)(biao)(biao)準目(mu)前(qian)(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)現狀(zhuang)(zhuang)，提出了改(gai)(gai)進(jin)(jin)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)議。從(cong)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)機理(li)出發(fa)，分析了影(ying)響絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)準確度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)因(yin)素，以(yi)及(ji)判斷(duan)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)準確度(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)精確度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則。關鍵詞：絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)；擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)；目(mu)前(qian)(qian)，國(guo)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)對(dui)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)了幾(ji)種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)(he)(he)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準。這(zhe)(zhe)些方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)之間(jian)存在明(ming)(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差異(yi)，從(cong)而導致不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)結(jie)果(guo)。不(bu)(bu)(bu)同部門(men)對(dui)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)(he)(he)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)解(jie)和(he)(he)(he)(he)認識不(bu)(bu)(bu)統一(yi)，對(dui)結(jie)果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)釋(shi)也不(bu)(bu)(bu)盡相同。本(ben)文擬就測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)結(jie)果(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分析判斷(duan)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)探(tan)討。1試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)1.1標(biao)(biao)(biao)準對(dui)比目(mu)前(qian)(qian)，測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準有(you)GB/T507—1986 《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)強度(du)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》和(he)(he)(he)(he)DL/T429—1991 《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)質試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)GB/T507—1986主要(yao)參(can)照IEC156 《絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)強度(du)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》制定(ding)(ding)(ding)，與IEC156差別不(bu)(bu)(bu)大。GB/T507—1986和(he)(he)(he)(he)DL/T429—1991的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)差異(yi)較大(前(qian)(qian)者(zhe)簡稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)1”，后者(zhe)簡稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)2”)。主要(yao)有(you)兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)區別：一(yi)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同；方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)1的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)球形(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)球冠(guan)(guan)形(xing)，而方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)2的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)形(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)平(ping)倒(dao)(dao)角(jiao)；第(di)(di)二(er)，油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)杯(bei)(bei)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同。方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)1規定(ding)(ding)(ding)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)杯(bei)(bei)容(rong)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)300~500 mL，方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)2規定(ding)(ding)(ding)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)杯(bei)(bei)容(rong)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)得小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)于(yu)(yu)200mL(DL/T429—1991附錄對(dui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)杯(bei)(bei)、小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)間(jian)隙有(you)其(qi)(qi)(qi)他試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa))。DL/T429—1991中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)一(yi)條注(zhu)(zhu)釋(shi)：“經過(guo)濾、脫氣(qi)、干(gan)燥后的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)和(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)高(gao)于(yu)(yu)220 k V的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)(she)備，應按(an)(an)GB507 《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)強度(du)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)》用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)球冠(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。”測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)干(gan)式(shi)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相關標(biao)(biao)(biao)準中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)明(ming)(ming)確規定(ding)(ding)(ding)了這(zhe)(zhe)兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)：GB/T 2536—1990 《干(gan)式(shi)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)》和(he)(he)(he)(he)SH0040—1991 《超高(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)干(gan)式(shi)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)》規定(ding)(ding)(ding)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)第(di)(di)一(yi)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)；GB/T 7595—2000《運行(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)干(gan)式(shi)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)，擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)應采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)一(yi)或方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)二(er)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)。GB/T 50150—1991 《電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)(she)備安裝工程電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)(she)備交(jiao)接試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)規定(ding)(ding)(ding)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)強度(du)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)1，但(dan)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)倒(dao)(dao)角(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。1.2.1現狀(zhuang)(zhuang)據筆者(zhe)調查，目(mu)前(qian)(qian)國(guo)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)，尤其(qi)(qi)(qi)是供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統和(he)(he)(he)(he)安裝系(xi)統，大多(duo)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)2來(lai)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，即采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)倒(dao)(dao)角(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)(he)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)杯(bei)(bei)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)，但(dan)忽略了DL/T429—1991中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注(zhu)(zhu)意(yi)事項，從(cong)任何狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態和(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)(she)備上(shang)采(cai)(cai)集的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)樣(yang)均采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)2進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)。1.2.2原因(yin)分析基本(ben)上(shang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)第(di)(di)二(er)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)情況(kuang)有(you)歷(li)史原因(yin)，也有(you)第(di)(di)一(yi)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)耗大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)。多(duo)年來(lai)，各石油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)部門(men)一(yi)直采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)第(di)(di)二(er)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，并設(she)(she)(she)計了相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)備(如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)(he)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)杯(bei)(bei))以(yi)適應第(di)(di)二(er)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)。為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)了嚴格(ge)(ge)執行(xing)(xing)(xing)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準，根(gen)據不(bu)(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)樣(yang)隨時(shi)更(geng)換油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)杯(bei)(bei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)設(she)(she)(she)備必(bi)須更(geng)新改(gai)(gai)造，給檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)人員增加了很多(duo)麻煩。在大多(duo)數情況(kuang)下，測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)人員使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)(he)一(yi)個(ge)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)杯(bei)(bei)來(lai)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)所(suo)有(you)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)樣(yang)。如果(guo)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)結(jie)果(guo)能滿足(zu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)同等級絕(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)標(biao)(biao)(biao)準，這(zhe)(zhe)也是一(yi)個(ge)不(bu)(bu)(bu)錯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇，不(bu)(bu)(bu)會有(you)異(yi)議。但(dan)是，如果(guo)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)值介于(yu)(yu)合(he)格(ge)(ge)和(he)(he)(he)(he)不(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)格(ge)(ge)之間(jian)，就會出現麻煩。比如需(xu)要(yao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)一(yi)臺500kV干(gan)式(shi)變壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)在運行(xing)(xing)(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)平(ping)倒(dao)(dao)角(jiao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)杯(bei)(bei)，配套升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)設(she)(she)(she)備等測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)設(she)(she)(she)備。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)間(jian)距為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)2.5 mm，測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)得結(jie)果(guo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)46 k V，明(ming)(ming)顯不(bu)(bu)(bu)符合(he)GB/T 7595—2000擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)不(bu)(bu)(bu)低(di)于(yu)(yu)50 K V的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)，但(dan)此時(shi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能判定(ding)(ding)(ding)此油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)樣(yang)不(bu)(bu)(bu)合(he)格(ge)(ge)，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)根(gen)據DL/T429—1991中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)注(zhu)(zhu)釋(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)高(gao)于(yu)(yu)220 kV的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)(she)(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)擊(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)應按(an)(an)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)1進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)。來(lai)判斷(duan)這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)樣(yang)

有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)單位(wei)采用散裝油(you)(you)深化(hua)處理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)段，仍然(ran)使用平(ping)倒(dao)(dao)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)，直到(dao)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)值合格。這(zhe)使得絕緣(yuan)油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕緣(yuan)更(geng)加(jia)可靠(kao)，但(dan)卻增加(jia)了加(jia)工成本，極(ji)不(bu)(bu)經濟。平(ping)倒(dao)(dao)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)、球(qiu)形(xing)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)和球(qiu)冠(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)測(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)穿(chuan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值存在(zai)顯著差(cha)異。在(zai)GB/T 7959—2000附(fu)錄B中(zhong)(zhong)，比(bi)(bi)(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)了三(san)種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)穿(chuan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值：球(qiu)形(xing)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)比(bi)(bi)(bi)平(ping)倒(dao)(dao)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)高(gao)(gao)6 KV左右(you)；球(qiu)冠(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)比(bi)(bi)(bi)平(ping)倒(dao)(dao)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)高(gao)(gao)3 ~ 6 K V。當油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)穿(chuan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低(di)于(yu)30 k V時，球(qiu)形(xing)和平(ping)面(mian)倒(dao)(dao)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)值基本相同。然(ran)而(er)(er)，這(zhe)只是一(yi)個統計(ji)規則(ze)。不(bu)(bu)可能(neng)簡單地(di)在(zai)平(ping)倒(dao)(dao)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)測(ce)得的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)擊(ji)穿(chuan)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值上加(jia)3 ~ 6千伏，對(dui)(dui)單個油(you)(you)樣來說可能(neng)差(cha)別很大(da)(da)，也(ye)可能(neng)很小。方(fang)(fang)法一(yi)是耗油(you)(you)量(liang)(liang)大(da)(da)，需要從電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)上多次取樣。對(dui)(dui)于(yu)油(you)(you)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)，如變壓(ya)器、電(dian)(dian)抗器、開關等油(you)(you)量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設備(bei)，必須在(zai)多次取樣后進行(xing)補油(you)(you)。所以(yi)很多單位(wei)都(dou)選擇了第(di)二種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法，用小油(you)(you)杯(bei)測(ce)試。1.3檢驗(yan)方(fang)(fang)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改進建議(yi)A)方(fang)(fang)法標準(zhun)要向國際標準(zhun)靠(kao)攏(long)。目前，IEC156的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測(ce)試方(fang)(fang)法得到(dao)了世界上大(da)(da)多數國家的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認可，其普遍性和先(xian)進性毋庸(yong)置疑。在(zai)標準(zhun)化(hua)工作中(zhong)(zhong)，優先(xian)采用先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、國際通(tong)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標準(zhun)制定國家標準(zhun)是一(yi)個非常重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原則(ze)。GB/T507-1986基本參照IEC156制定，要求基本一(yi)致。b)考(kao)慮到(dao)運行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)量(liang)(liang)略少，試驗(yan)油(you)(you)杯(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)對(dui)(dui)試驗(yan)結果影(ying)響不(bu)(bu)大(da)(da)，GB/T507—1986中(zhong)(zhong)油(you)(you)杯(bei)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制可以(yi)放寬(kuan)，如從300500ml放寬(kuan)到(dao)200500ml。c)第(di)一(yi)種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法比(bi)(bi)(bi)第(di)二種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法更(geng)接近(jin)絕緣(yuan)油(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實際使用情況。充油(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設備(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)隙擊(ji)穿(chuan)是在(zai)場強相對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)且集中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)區域，更(geng)類似(si)于(yu)球(qiu)形(xing)或(huo)球(qiu)冠(guan)(guan)形(xing)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)間(jian)隙，而(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)同于(yu)平(ping)倒(dao)(dao)角(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)。

形電極間隙。2 影響試驗結果的主要因素 嚴格地講，不含水分、灰塵和纖維等雜質的純凈油，擊穿起始于個別油分子在電場中的極化、電離，其化學組成對擊穿電壓影響不大，不同牌號和產地的絕緣油應該具有大致相同的擊穿電壓，并且同一試樣平行試驗結果的分散性也不大，擊穿電壓值能達到200 k V以上（電極距離2．5 mm）。但實際應用中的油和“純凈油”有極大的不同，用目前世界上較先進的凈化設備多次處理后的絕緣油，其含水量也往往大于2 mg／kg，每100 mL油中長度大于5μm的雜質顆粒不少于數千個；另外在取樣測定過程中油樣也不可避免地與周圍大氣接觸，大氣中的水分、飄塵會不可避免地混入油中。這些油中的雜質和溶解于油并與油分子緊密結合的水分子，在純凈的油分子遠未在電極之間極化和電離之前，就沿電場強度方向排列、聚集，進而電離形成微小通路，即所謂“小橋”，小通路連接貫穿兩極，導致油迅速擊穿。油中雜質越多，越易形成小橋，擊穿電壓越低。測定絕緣油的擊穿電壓，實際上是在衡量絕緣油中雜質含量的多少，即判斷絕緣油被污染的程度。 油的擊穿過程實際上是隨機的，與油隙電場的瞬間狀態密切相關。油中雜質分布的不均勻性和雜質顆粒的運動，導致油隙間雜質顆粒的分布隨時間改變而不同，因此小橋在電場中的位置是不可預知的。尤其是對于平板倒角形電極而言，相對均勻的電場比球形和球蓋形電極所形成的同等強度的電場所占的空間體積要大得多，小橋形成的位置更加不可預知，形成的概率也要大得多。這也是平板倒角形電極測定油的擊穿電壓值比另兩種電極的測定值低的根本原因。 由以上擊穿機理的分析，我們可以得知油隙的擊穿雖然是短暫的一瞬間，其過程卻是復雜的，即使是一杯試樣，在多次擊穿試驗中的測得值也是分散性很大的，各種試驗標準都規定取6次試驗的平均值作為試驗結果，這種規定在一般的測試中是不多見的。把一些顯而易見的影響因素作人為的嚴格規定，使這些因素對結果的影響維持在一個恒定的水平是十分必要的。2．1 試驗儀器的影響 試驗儀器包括升壓裝置（手動或自動）、油杯和電極、攪拌裝置（手動或自動）、數據輸出裝置（模擬儀表或數顯打印機）、計時裝置等，每一部分的異常都會使測定結果產生誤差，全自動的儀器較好，在測定過程中基本上消除了人為因素的影響。2．1．1 升壓裝置 升壓裝置的輸出電壓波形是否近似正弦波，輸出電壓是否與輸出顯示一致，對結果的準確性有很大影響，不同的測試儀器，其升壓裝置的性能必須確保符合標準的規定。升壓裝置的此項性能應由生產廠家在儀器的設計生產中予以保證，用戶可在選購儀器時向生產廠家索要升壓裝置輸出電壓頻譜分析和輸出電壓峰值的檢測報告。2．1．2 油杯和電極 電極的形狀不同，電極周圍空間的電場也截然不同，平板倒角形電極之間的電場可以大致看成是均勻電場，而球形和球蓋形電極之間的電場為不均勻電場，絕緣油在不同電場中的表現也完全不同。油杯的容量大小、電極浸入絕緣油的深淺都會給測定結果帶來影響，為此相關標準中都有明確的規定。實踐表明，電極的加工和裝配水平、油杯的形狀和材料等不同都會給測定結果帶來明顯的差異。2．2 環境的影響 大氣中的飄塵和水氣不可避免地要混入待測油樣中，從而使測定值偏低，因此標準中有油杯加防塵蓋和盡快完成測定的提法，有條件的話，應盡可能在有空調的潔凈、干燥的試驗室內進行測定，尤其是在我國南方潮濕多雨的季節和北方沙塵較大的季節，防止環境條件對測定結果的影響。3 對試驗結果的分析判斷3．1 試驗數據的分散性 一個絕緣油油樣6次擊穿電壓試驗的測定值，其分散性是較大的，根本原因在于擊穿瞬間兩個電極之間的電場分布狀態和絕緣油中所含雜質的分布狀態都是隨機的。數據處理中，不論6個數據分散性有多大統統進行平均，或者按照數處理原則舍棄離散值再進行平均，都不十分合適。筆者認為，有些儀器使用說明中建議當6個數據的標準差s≥10kV（電極距離2．5 mm）時重新取樣測定，這一提法值得推薦。較準確地說，我們測得的擊穿電壓值只是說明該絕緣油在平均值附近發生電擊穿的概率較大，偏離此點較多的過高值和過低值出現電擊穿的概率較低，并不是說該絕緣油在此點一定被擊穿。選擇擊穿電壓值較集中的范圍，取不少于6個測定值的平均值作為測定結果是較為合理的，這樣更能較真實地反映絕緣油的平均被污染水平。3．2 試驗數據的準確性 得到準確可靠的絕緣油擊穿電壓值，是擊穿電壓試驗的較終目的。若對試驗結果產生懷疑，建議用下述辦法處理： a）檢驗升壓裝置輸出電壓波形和幅值。此項工作一般生產廠家都已做了，在正常使用中發生變化的可能性不大，在使用中若沒有發生明顯的損壞，由此引起的誤差可能性很小。 b）在測得值介于合格與不合格之間時，采用對比試驗的方法，驗證油杯和電極對結果的影響，即同時在不同的試驗室，用不同的電極和油杯測定同一油樣，在確保兩對電極間距離都是（2．5±0．1）mm的前提下，測定值較高的應更接近于真值。這是因為只有電極間距離過大才會使絕緣油的擊穿電壓測定值的誤差為正誤差，其余各種影響因素，包括電極形狀、加工精度和表面狀態，油杯的材料、形狀等，都會使測定值出現負誤差，即測得結果小于真值。4 結束語 綜上所述，由于影響擊穿電壓測定的因素較為復雜，人為作一些嚴格的規定，統一測定方法，繼這樣將可以大大提高我國絕緣油擊穿電壓測定的技術水平。

參考文獻：

［1］溫(wen)念珠，郝有(you)明．電力(li)用油及監督［Z］．沈陽：東(dong)北電力(li)試驗研究(jiu)院(yuan)，1993．［2］GB／T7595—2000，運行中干式變壓器(qi)油質量標準［S] 來(lai)源：廣(guang)東(dong)電力(li)